This module surveys a broad range of art (across different media) and architecture from the Renaissance to the Age of Revolutions (c.1789). The module will discuss individual artists and works and set them within their respective historical contexts. The module will involve thinking about how contextual study can be married to visual analysis. The module will raise questions about changing forms of art and their relation to their social, political and philosophical contexts.

Biotechnology is an interdisciplinary and cross-disciplinary science. One of the challenges in studying towards this discipline is to make connections from different scientific disciplines whilst studying broad based fundamental processes of living organisms at the biochemical, molecular and genetic levels. The aim of the module is to introduce the learner to- a broad based Biotechnology discipline with particular emphasis on plants, animals and microbial systems; Impact of biotechnology in different sectors (Red, Green and White Biotechnology); Ethics of Biotechnology. The module will shed light on pathway specific modules available to pursue in second and third years with an overview of type of research projects they can pursue in final years. This module has a number of learner centric activities, active learning approaches coupled with tutorials to understand the impact of the discipline.

This module is designed to provide an understanding of the extent of prokaryote biological diversity. Following introductory lectures on microbial taxonomy and classification, students will undertake two student-centered exercises. The first will be a group exercise to construct a website on a chosen group of organisms covering their taxonomy, biology and ecology. This will include a short embedded video summary. The web pages will be accessible by other students to aid student centered learning of other topics, which will be an essential element for the essay coursework. The second will be an individual exercise to produce an essay including features of a range of organisms represented in the websites.

This lecture module describes the genetic effects of reduced population size, especially as they relate to the conservation of endangered species. Random genetic drift and inbreeding will be discussed in depth, both from theoretical and practical standpoints. The importance of heterozygosity and the consequences of a loss of genetic variability will be examined, and ways of alleviating these, using both experimental and theoretical approaches. This will lead into a review of the units of conservation from a genetic perspective.

To provide a broad understanding in basic immunology and an overview of types of human pathogens and their strategies for living in the host. Also to show how immunology can be used to diagnose disease and develop vaccines.

A detailed study of the core molecular processes that enable cells to function such as DNA biochemistry, gene expression, protein synthesis and degradation. These sessions will complement lectures on basic eukaryotic cell biology covering a range of organelles and cell structures including the nucleus, plastids, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies and secretion together with a consideration of cell differentiation.

What is the relationship between crime, justice and the media? Does media depiction simply reflect public interests and attitudes, or help to shape them? Does media representation of ‘crime’, ‘criminals’ and criminal justice impact penal and social policies? These are some of the questions this course will debate through drawing on theory, research and illustrative media examples. Examining both ‘factual’ and ‘fictional’ representations of crime and justice, the course examines the extent to which media representation reflects reality, and impacts on attitudes, emotions and behaviors. There are two main strands to this course, the first focuses primarily on theorizations regarding the construction of crime news, and some of the methods that can be employed to critically analysis this. In addition, and as illustrative, we examine traditional depictions of ‘crime’, ‘criminals’ and ‘victims’ in media noting how social divisions/ inequalities and stereotypes are represented and reproduced.

The second strand of the course addresses depictions of crime and criminal justice agencies in entertainment media, and on the overlap between fact and fiction in relation to crime. For instance, how do fictional representations shape our perceptions of the realities of crime and criminal justice? We will also examine the increasing role of new media, both in spreading information about crime and its uses by police and public to carry out, detect and police crime. The course will also consider arguments that the media themselves are ‘criminal’ – such as the ways in which media organizations can break the law (e.g. phone hacking), manipulate and censor and/ or be complicit in state abuses or cover-ups (e.g. sexual abuse).

A series of student-driven assignments, discussion groups and problem-solving workshops on evolutionary biology with an emphasis on behaviour. Example topics include: adaptation, sex and evolution, kinship theory, communication, and human behavioural ecology.

The module will consider current knowledge of, and research into, the ecological causes and evolutionary processes that govern natural selection, adaptation and microevolution in natural populations. Three approaches to the study of evolutionary ecology will be used: theoretical and optimality models; the comparative method and direct measurement of natural selection in the wild.

In this module, we will explore the long-run, historical determinants of the wealth of nations. We will begin by taking a long-run view on modern economic growth, showing how this has led to dramatic changes in the relative wealth of nations over the last 500 years. We will then ask two key questions: why have modern economic growth started in some places rather than others? And while have some countries been able to catch up, while others have not? These investigations will improve our understanding of why are some countries much richer than others, and will give us some important insights on how to promote sustained growth in developing countries. The module draws on a vibrant new literature in economics that looks at comparative development as the outcome of a long historical process, and uses techniques originally developed in economics to improve our understanding of history. Without going into the technical details, the module reviews the main findings of this literature, discusses their implications for modern development experiences, and lays out the main challenges for future research. By providing an historical perspective on growth and development, the module will endow students with a better understanding of contemporary economic issues. It will also give them some exciting examples of how the economic techniques they will learn in later modules can be used to understand the world better.

This module is an introduction to international trade theory and policy. It covers the core trade theories under perfect and imperfect competition and applies them to understanding the pattern of trade, gains from trade and modern topics like foreign outsourcing. On the policy side, it examines the effects of different government trade policy instruments and the role of international trade agreements.

How does economics impact on politicians? And how do politicians impact on economics?

You will study both contemporary economics and the political leaders who have put key economic theories into practice throughout history.

This course covered the following topics: The scope and method of economics; Alexander Hamilton and the role of state in the economy; Sir Robert Peel and Free Trade; The Meiji Emperor and Industrialisation; Franklin D Roosevelt and Demand Management; Ludwig Erhard and Supply Side Economics; Margaret Thatcher and Monetarism and Rolling Back the State; Deng Xiaoping and Growth, Development and Convergence.

If reassessment is required, a single assessment will replace all failed assessment components of the module.

Quality Software Engineering demands consideration of good design practice, not just programming techniques, in order to produce robust, reliable, portable, maintainable and cost-effective codes. This is particularly the case for large-scale applications in the broader commercial and technological context involving both recycling and enhancement of existing codes as well as when working in software teams. Many of these good design principles are recurrent in many branches of engineering.
This module presents a range of design and established good practice issues; explaining why they are important for good Software Engineering, if not strictly necessary for basic code functionality. Starting from the key issue of decomposing large problems into parts, with clear functional specifications, testing procedures and interfaces, the need to consider the overall structure of the software under development, as well as its possible reuse and evolution, is discussed and this leads to an introduction to Object Oriented Programming (OOP) as an elegant and reliable means of constructing inherently good quality software.
The motivation, benefits and appropriate use of OOP are discussed in the context of both simple electrical engineering examples and cases that are more general. This module specifically introduces competent programmers in a procedural language (e.g. C) to OOP with implementations in C++. Encapsulation, polymorphism and inheritance will be considered in detail.

The module aims to provide students with knowledge of key environmental and sustainability issues of relevance to energy supply and use, materials consumption, and product design/manufacture. Topics include:
1) Drivers for sustainability, including patterns of energy use, material consumption, waste generation, and associated environmental impacts in UK and globally.
2) Factors influencing the availability of non-renewable and renewable energy and material resources.
3) Principles for the efficient use of energy resources including energy use in buildings, heat and power generation, and heat recovery systems.
4) Life cycle assessment of engineering activities, with focus on greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions, their impacts, and mitigation measures.
5) Economic analysis of investments in energy savings, material substitution, product design, and value recovery from end-of-life products; Cost-benefit analysis incorporating environmental externalities; and the role of government regulations in influencing business decisions.

This module provides first year undergraduate students in the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering with the technical skills required to analyse, design and implement solutions to practical engineering problems.

Students will be provided with the skills required to design and develop code solutions that can implemented on multiple platforms; these skills will be further enhanced through their on-going use in the project component of the first year.

This module offers an introduction to Shakespeare through a close focus on one particular genre of drama – the history plays – which was hugely popular in England’s commercial playhouses in the late-sixteenth and early-seventeenth centuries. Looking in detail at a sequence of four plays – Richard II, 1 Henry IV, 2 Henry IV and Henry V – the module will explore the structure, form and content of Shakespeare’s histories, considering their interest in national and regional identities, their interest in kingship, power and authority, and their exploration of sexual politics, war and identity.

Working across several areas of research in the School of English, the module explores how the plays reflected and contested the ideologies of their own moment. Through consideration of the plays’ history of adaptation and performance on stage and screen, the module also considers how the plays have been repeatedly remade to speak to the concerns of later eras and cultures up to the present day.

Through the exploration of lyric poetry, this module examines cultural and literary change from the fourteenth to the seventeenth century. It will consider the rise of named poet, the interaction of print and manuscript culture, the representation of love, and the use of the female voice. It will develop further students confidence in handling formal poetic terminology and reading poetry from this period. It will also enable students to think pragmatically about the transmission of lyric in modern editions, and about how best to represent the form.

The unifying theme of this module is biogeochemical cycling - the production, distribution and cycling of materials on the Earth and their availability to, and use by, biological organisms. The introduction covers the history of the universe, from the big bang to the evolution of the Earth's surface environment, via formation of galaxies, stars, elements and the solar system. Then we describe the major global systems and their circulations as they are today - solids (plate tectonics, formation and erosion of crustal rocks), liquids (oceans, temperature and salinity gradients) and gases (atmosphere, weather and climate). In the final section we examine the major materials - including carbon, nitrogen, sulphur, oxygen and metals - and their budgets and cycles; and the interactions between biological and physical/chemical processes on a global scale.

This module integrates knowledge taken from the hydrosphere, oceans and continents to inform an understanding of global physical systems as they affect people and the environment. The module considers:

Hydrological cycles; Climate change; Principles of Earth and geomorphological systems; Fluvial geomorphology and biogeomorphology

This module provides a study of British foreign policy, from the last years of the Victorian Era to the German invasion of Poland in 1939. It focuses in particular on the policy of British governments, giving an historical analysis of the main developments in their relationship with the wider world, such as the making of the ententes, entry into the two world wars, appeasement and relations with other great powers. It also discusses the wider background factors which influenced British policy and touches on such diverse factors as Imperial defense, financial limitations and the influence of public opinion.

This module provides an introduction to medieval European history in the period 500-1200. It offers a fresh and stimulating approach to the major forces instrumental in the shaping of politics, society and culture in Europe. Through a series of thematically linked lectures and seminars, students will be introduced to key factors determining changes in the European experience over time, as well as important continuities linking the period as a whole. Amongst the topics to be considered are: political structures and organization; social and economic life; and cultural developments.

The Tudor period was one of the most transformative in English history. It began on the battlefield, as Henry VII wrestled the crown from the hands of the much-maligned Richard III, and ended with the death of Elizabeth I, the first queen to successfully rule England without a male counterpart. The intervening period witnessed a break with the papacy that fundamentally altered the religious and political make-up of the realm, and saw royal authority become increasingly absolute under a monarchy who were now also the heads of the church. All this left England a fundamentally different place in 1603 than it had been in 1485. Given the attention the Tudors have received in popular culture, and in the school curriculum, there are few students of English history who know nothing of the period. Thus, this module aims to expand on and challenge this knowledge to bring to life a clearer picture of how monarchy, power and religion operated in sixteenth-century England.

Mathematical models based on systems of ordinary or partial differential equations are used in a vast range of disciplines, ranging from classical fields such as fluid and solid mechanics to more recent applications in mathematical biology and finance. The complexity of these models is often so great that numerical methods are the only ones available to construct solutions. However, in this course we will learn how to make analytical progress in the presence of a small parameter using asymptotic methods, to determine similarity solutions and to obtain qualitative information using the techniques of dynamical systems theory.

This module develops core skills in professional digital composition, using Logic Pro software.
Topics addressed may include: Analysis and study of digital composition techniques; Completion of Industry specific composition briefs; Creation of sounds using synthesis; Recording and sampling techniques in EXS24; Audio and MIDI programming and editing; Exploring professional mix techniques: e.g. dynamic processing, time-based effects (reverb,
modulation), equalization and automation to attain width, height, space, depth and dimension; Understanding audio files and industry standard export formats; Mastering audio: metering, loudness, monitor calibration.

This module offers an introduction to the fields of ethnomusicology and popular music studies. Students will study a range of musical cultures beyond the traditional canon of Western art music. The module examines different meanings, practices, and theories of musics from a diverse range of cultures, surveying traditions from Asia, the Americas, Africa, the Middle East, Europe, and the Pacific. It incorporates an introduction to ethnomusicological theory and method and an overview of key studies in Anglophone popular music.

This module explores how the nervous system develops, is organized, and processes information. This is achieved through presentation of comparative invertebrate and vertebrate studies, consideration of evolutionary concepts, and a detailed analysis of the development, structure, and function of the mammalian brain. The lecture sessions are complemented by practicals on Drosophila and chick embryo development, on the neuroanatomy of the human spinal cord, and dissection of human brains subject to tissue availability.

There is a limited number of places on this module. Students are reminded that enrolments which are not agreed by the Offering School in advance may be cancelled without notice. To provide students with an understanding of the mechanisms behind electrical conduction in neurons. The role of the membrane potential in establishing a voltage gradient against which action/synaptic potentials provide the primary means of signaling within the nervous system will be described in detail. The role of ion channels in providing the means by which trans-membrane currents can be generated and the role of myelin in accelerating conduction will be described. The role of astrocytes in maintain the appropriate environment for optimal neuronal function will be described, as well as the role of glial cells in metabolism, higher cognitive functions, and the disruption of ion homeostasis that characterize brain tumors and epilepsy.

This module will provide students with the resources necessary to critically understand and constructively engage with a variety of topical practical, social, and political issues and phenomena. These include a range of psychological phenomena of relevance to both university environments and social life, and large-scale political and cultural developments that invite moral and intellectual concern. An overt aim of the module is to provide students with the intellectual skills necessary to undertake their duties as responsible citizens in a democratic society within a multicultural and multiracial world. Possible content: Education: Purpose of education; Is there a right to higher education? Who should pay for higher education? Free speech: Why value free speech? Censorship and Pornography; ‘Speech Codes’ and ‘Hate Speech’; Safe spaces. Identity and prejudice: Race and racial politics; Homophobia; Transphobia; Intersex; Class, Disability; Representation of Religion in Politics; Psychology of Bias.
Civic responsibility: People, Animals and the Environment; ‘Bullshit’, truth, and post-truth politics; Suffrage; Media Culture. Global justice: War; Terrorism; World hunger; Migration and Refugees. Ethics and technology: Human enhancement; Drugs and sport; Ethics and Artificial Intelligence; inductive risk.

This module provides a comprehensive understanding of plant physiology with an applied context from the molecular level to the field. There is an emphasis on the mechanisms that plants use to capture and utilize physical resources i.e. solar energy, water and nutrients. The module examines the physiological basis of resource capture and utilization in growth and development, physical aspects of the plant environment incorporating key processes (photosynthesis, respiration, uptake and transpiration of water, the uptake and role of mineral nutrients).

This physiological understanding will be applied in an agricultural context to consider major crop species in the UK and worldwide, and how cropping is affected by soil type. Limitations to resource capture by crops, and how growers overcome these, will be considered in relation to integrated crop management. The module also considers contemporary issues and future developments in agronomy and the role of the agronomist in successful crop management.

This module will cover the molecular techniques being used to develop an understanding of plant/pathogen interactions. It will then cover the molecular biology of plant pathogens, how these cause disease, and the mechanisms used by plants to defend themselves against such pathogens.

This module seeks to equip students to understand the broad theoretical and methodological positions adopted by a range of classical social theorists, and the way their perspectives have been taken up within subsequent sociological debates. The classes revolve around a series of readings and discussion themes designed to help students master theoretical discourses and the claims they contain and to explore how they can be used and modified to conduct the sociological analysis of contemporary phenomena.

The focus of this course is on contemporary theories in criminology. But it considers them in the context of the development of criminology, and how they relate to earlier perspectives in the subject, and the increasingly diverse, rapidly changing and globalized world of the early 21' century. The course will be taught by members of the criminology teaching team and the perspectives covered will vary according to staff availability and specialism. The table below gives an indication of some of the contemporary perspectives the course may consider and the earlier, foundational perspectives which they seek to develop, transcend or critique.

You would have learned in previous years of your degree that there are significant problems with the way that crime is defined, who achieves victim status and how crimes are dealt with. This course considers an alternative approach, restorative justice, in responding to some of these challenges. It combines lessons from a broad spectrum of disciplines to understand why people behave the way that they do, why current approaches are ineffective and to interrogate the range of approaches that have developed to provide an alternative response.

We will explore the adoption of restorative justice by looking at how some practitioners are attempting to reform the CJS from the 'inside out', but also how others are making a challenge to the system from the 'outside in' from around the globe. Areas of application will include crimes dealt with in the criminal justice process as well as societal level conflict involving human rights abuses. The course combines both academic writing, media resources and practitioner case studies to interrogate both the strengths and limitations of the approach.

This course explores the phenomena of youth, crime and justice. Analysis of official statistics and self-report survey data will be placed within a broader understanding of the social construction of youth, drawing on political, media and other sources. The course will critically assess explanations of youth crime and desistance, including major theoretical explanations and developmental/life course perspectives. The second half of the course considers social responses to youth crime and the role of the youth justice system in particular. The various discourses which inform youth justice will be compared and the ways in which they have been applied in different jurisdictions will be assessed. Finally, the course will consider the recent focus on early intervention, emerging arguments for minimum intervention and the potential for youth justice reform.